1. Noun: Definition, Samples, and Examples
Definition: A noun is a word used to name a person, place, or
thing. (Things include ideas, actions, qualities, and
characteristics.)

Samples: Ted, boy, girl, drummer, beauty

Examples: Bob, a candidate for the presidency, made a
good speech.

The nouns are Bob, candidate, presidency, speech.


2. Nouns: Proper and Common
Proper Noun Definition: A proper noun names a special person,
place, or thing. A proper noun always starts with a capital letter

Samples: Santa Claus, Minnesota, Astrodome

Examples: Melvin is driving to New York in a Ford.

The proper nouns are Melvin, New York, and Ford.

Common Noun Definition: A common noun refers to any one of
a class of persons, places, or things.

Samples: girl, city, island, religion

Examples: A good citizen is concerned about problems of
pollution in our country.

Common nouns are citizen, problems, pollution, and country.


3. Noun: Compound
Definition: A compound noun is a noun made of two or more words.

Samples: ice cream, songbook, self-confidence, bookcase,
blackbird, mother-in-law

Note that some of the words are hyphenated or are formed by
combining other words without using hyphens.

Examples: The workman finished tiling the bathroom on-the
twenty-third of the month.

The compound nouns are workman, bathroom, and twenty-third.


4. Noun: Collective and Number

Definition: A collective noun names a group of people, places,
or things.

Samples: crowd, team, jury, class, herd

Examples:The class chose a group to collect information
about the car company.

The collective nouns are class, group, and company.

Definition: The number of a noun tells whether the noun names
one thing (singular) or more than one (plural).

Samples: Singular — woman, bicycle, radio

Plural — women, bicycles, radios

Examples: Use the money to buy trees for the park.

The singular nouns are money and park.

The plural noun is trees.


5. Noun: Gender

Definition: The gender of a noun refers to the sex of the person
or persons named, or to the lack of sex, as with things.

The three types of gender are:
Masculine. Samples: man, father
Feminine. Samples: woman, mother
Neuter. Samples: tree, house, ink

Examples: Mr. Armstrong drove the girls to the game.

Masculine gender: Mr Armstrong
Feminine gender: girls
Neuter gender: game


6. Pronoun: Definition

Definition: A pronoun is a word used in place of (for) a noun.
(Pro means for.)

Samples: I, you, he, she, it, they, herself, who, anyone,
nobody, your, them

Examples: She found them for you.

The pronouns are she, them, and you.


7. Pronouns: Kinds

The different kinds of pronouns are:
1. Personal: These refer to the person speaking, spoken to,
or spoken about.

Samples: I, my, mine, me, you, your, he, his, him, she, her,
hers, they, theirs, them

2. Interrogative: These ask questions.
Samples: who, whose, whom, which, what

3. Demonstrative: These point out.
Samples: this, that, these, those

4. Indefinite: These do not point out specifically.
Samples: all, any, both, either

5. Relative: These introduce a dependent clause.
Samples: who, whom, which, that, whose


8. Pronouns: Person

Definition: The person of a pronoun tells whether the person is
the speaker (first person), the person spoken to [second
person), or the person spoken about (third person).

Samples: First person - I, my, mine, me, we, our, ours, us
Second person - you, your, yours
Third person - he, his, him, she, her, hers, it, its, they,
their, theirs, them

Examples: "I can't go with you", she explained.
I is the first person.
You is second person.
She is third person.


9. Verb: Definition

Definition: A verb is a word that expresses action or state of being.
State-of-being verbs help to describe the condition or state of
being of a person or thing. Frequently used state-of-being verbs
are appear, be, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell,
sound, taste.

Usually, is or was can be substituted for a state-of-being verb.

Examples: I bought a dress. It looks stunning.
He wrote a letter. It seems long.

Bought and wrote are action verbs.

Looks and seems are state-of-being verbs.

Note that is or was can be substituted for looks and seems.


10. Verb Phrase: Definition

Definition: A verb phrase is a main verb plus one or more
helping verbs. The helping verb (or verbs) may be separated from
the main verb.

Example: She was walking to school.
The verb phrase is was walking. The helping verb
is was.

Example: You should have seen the game.
The verb phrase is should have seen. The helping
verbs are should and have.

Example: Will you see him later?
The verb phrase is will see. The helping verb is will.


11. Common Helping Verbs

am    have       Common Helping Verb Combinations
is    has         will be          should have
are   had         shall be         would have
was   do          could be         must have
were  did         have been        should have been
be    does        had been         could have been
been  may         has been         must have been
being can
will  might
shall would
could should     *Also called auxiliary verbs


12. Verb Tense

Definition: The tense of a verb refers to the time of the action or
state of being. There are six tenses.

Present Tense: I run.
Past Tense: I ran.
Future Tense: I shall run.
Present Perfect Tense: I have run.
Past Perfect Tense: I had run.
Future Perfect Tense: I shall have run.
Examples: I have written two letters.
Have written is present perfect tense.

He was first at bat.
was is past tense.


13. Regular and Irregular Verbs

Regular Verbs: With regular verbs, add d or ed to present tense or
infinitive to form past tense and past participle. (The infinitive is
to plus the verb; example: to work.)

Examples: Present Tense
          or Infinitive      Past Tense     Past Participle
          talk/to talk       talked         (have) talked
          dance/to dance     danced         (have) danced
          reach/to reach     reached        (have) reached

(The forms are called the principal parts of the verb.) 
Irregular Verbs: Irregular verbs do not follow any rule to form
past tense and past participle.


14. Difficult Verbs: Lie-Lay  Rise-Raise  Sit—Set

LIE: to rest or recline (has no object). Forms: lie, lay (has) lain, (is)
lying. Example: I often lie in bed until seven o'clock.  LAY: to put
or place something (usually has an object). Forms: lay laid, (has)
laid, (is) laying. Example: They laid the baby down.

RISE: to go up (has no object). Forms: rise, rose, (has) risen,
(is) rising. Example: Mists rise from the lake. RAISE: to lift a thing
up (has an object). Forms: raise, raised, (has) raised, (is) raising.
Example: Jerry raised the flag at dawn.

SIT: to have a seat (has no object). Forms: sit, sat, (has) sat,
(is) sitting. Example: She sat alone. SET: to put or place something
(usually has an object). Forms: set, set, (has) set, (is) setting.
Example: Tom set the cup down.


15. Adjective: Definition

Definition: An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a
noun or a pronoun. Adjectives tell what kind, which one, or
how many.
.
Samples: short, athletic, attractive, red, six
Examples: The new girl drove a red car.
    The adjectives the and new describe girl.
    The adjectives a and red describe car.

Example: The six candid shots are great!
    The adjectives the, six, candid, and great
    describe shots.

Example: He is shy.
The adjective shy describes he.


16. Adjective: Proper

Definition:A proper adjective is a proper noun used as an
adjective or an adjective made from a proper noun. It describes
a noun or apronoun and begins with a capital letter

Samples: French, Spanish, Ohio

Example: The French class prepared the luncheon.
The proper adjective is French and describes class.

Example: The Ohio farm belonged to us.
The proper adjective is Ohio and describes farm.


17. Preposition: Definition

Definition: A preposition is a word that shows the relationship
between a noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence.
A preposition usually starts a phrase; 
Examples: "on the way" and "to him."

Common Prepositions

about    behind       except    outside    underneath
above 	 below 	      for 	over 	   until
across 	 beneath      from      past 	   up
after 	 beside       into 	since 	   upon
against  between      like 	through    with
along 	 beyond       near 	throughout within
among 	 by 	      of 	till 	   without
around 	 concerning   off 	to
at 	 down 	      on 	toward
before 	 during       out 	under


18. Prepositions:  Examples
Example: He has science with Mr. Myers at the end of the hall.
The prepositions are with, at and of.

Example: She walked through the park.
The preposition is through.

Example: They ran down the street during the rain.
The prepositions are down and during.

(See Card 37 for more explanation of prepositional phrases.)


19. Adverb: Definition

Definition: An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective,
or another adverb. It may tell how, when, where, to what extent,
how much, or why. Many adverbs are made by adding ly to an
adjective. The word not is always an adverb.

Changing adjectives to            Some adverbs that do
adverbs by adding ly              not end in ly
Adjective Adverb                     when    far
rapid     rapidly                    where   very
calm      calmly                     why     soon
swift     swiftly                    now     too
sad       sadly                      then    always
strange   strangely
cheerful  cheerfully


20. Adverbs: Examples
Example:  She walked rapidly
  The adverb is rapidly, as it modifies the verb walked.
  by telling how she walked.

Example: Where is she?
  The adverb is where, as it modifies the verb is.

Example: They were not chosen for the talent show.
  The adverb is not, as it modifies the verb phrase
  were chosen.

Example: His music is very popular.
  The adverb is very, as it modifies the predicate
  adjective popular.

Example: Tom sings too loudly.
  Too is an adverb modifying loudly, another adverb
  modifying the verb sings.


21. Conjunction: Definition
Definition: A conjunction is a word that connects or joins
words, phrases, or clauses.

Coordinate Conjunctions: and, but, or, for 
They are used to connect words, phrases, and clauses of
equal rank.

Subordinate Conjunctions are used to begin subordinate
clauses. Examples are after because, since, before, until, as,
even if, so that, as if, if, as soon as, whether, provided, though,
as, when.

Some subordinate conjunctions are also used as prepositions;
examples: after, before, since, until.

Correlative Conjunctions are used in pairs:  both-and, either-or,
not only-but also, neither-nor


22. Conjunctions: Examples
Example: Do you have a softball and bat?
   The words softball and bat are joned by and, which is
   a coordinate conjunction.

Example: He hit the ball hard but it was caught.
   The two independent clauses are joine by but, which
   is a coordinate conjunction.

Example: I'm going swimming even if it is cold.
The subordinate conjunction is even if and joins
the two independent clauses.

Example: Either I will bake a cake or I will make brownies.
The correlative conjunctions are either and or They
connect two independent clauses.


23. Interjection
Definition: An interjection is a word that expresses emotion and
is not related to the rest of the sentence.

Samples: Ouch! Oh! Yeah! Wow!

Examples: EEK! It's a mouse.
flHey! Look who is here.
She screamed, "I found a dolIar!"
Eek, Hey, and Oh are interjections.


24.  Sentence: Definition and Examples
Definition:  A sentence expresses a complete thought.

Examples:
Jane mailed a package.
If you are going to the game, you will need a ticket.
This afternoon we went to the Community Center.
Stop!
(Note that each of the above expresses a complete thought.)

Every sentence must have a subject and a predicate.
(See Cards 30, 31 , 32, 33, and 34).
Card 28 defines and gives examples of sentence fragments.


25. Run-on Sentence: Definition and Examples

Definition If two sentences are run together without punctuation
or by using a comma only, the incorrect result is called a
"run-on" sentence.

Example of a run-on sentence: We were very hungry after our
long hike, we built a fire to cook hot dogs.

Ways to correct a run-on sentence:
1. Use a period to make two sentences.
Sample: We were very hungry after the long hike.
We built a fire to cook hot dogs.

2. Use a comma and a conjunction.
Sample: We were very hungry after our long hike. and
we built a fire to cook hot dogs.


26. Run-on Sentence: (continued)
Ways to correct run-on sentences (continued)

3.  Use a semicolon between the two sentences.
Sample: We were very hungry after our long hike;
we built a fire to cook hot dogs.

4.  Use a subordinate conjunction.  (see Card 22.)
Sample: Because we were very hungry after our long hike,
we built a fire to cook hot dogs.

To test for run-on sentences, find the subject and predicate of
each sentence.

(See Cards 30, 31 ,32, 33, and 34.)


27. Sentence Fragment: Definition and Examples

Definition: A sentence fragment does not express a complete
thought. It is only a piece of a sentence. lt cannot stand alone
as a sentence.

Examples:
Fragment: Jane swimming in the pool.
Sentence: Jane is swimming in the pool.

Fragment: on the rocky beach near the pier
Sentence: Bill found an old tire on the rocky beach near the pier.

Fragment a book to lead
Sentence: The librarian helped me find a book to read.


28. Kinds of Sentences: Definitions and Examples

There are four kinds of sentences:

1. Definition:  A declarative sentence makes a statement.
 The Prince and the Pauper is a classic about
Prince Edward of England changing places with a poor boy.

2. Definition:  An interrogative sentence asks a question.
Example: Are you going to be a cheerleader, Pat?

3. Definition:   : An imperative sentence gives a command or makes
a request. You is understood to be the subject of the sentence.
even though it does not appear
Examples: Do not run in the halls. [a command)
Please hand in your homework. (a request)

4.Definition:    : An exclamatory sentence expresses strong feeling.
Example: I hate to eat raw oysters!


29. Subject: Definition
A sentence has two parts: a subject and a predicate.

Definition: The subject of a sentence may be one word or many
words and is the part of the sentence about which something
is said.

Example: Sue made a cake. (Sue is he subject because something
is being said about Sue.)

Example: My little brother believes in Santa Claus. (To find the
subject, ask yourself. "Who believes in Santa Claus?" The subject
is my little brother: The whole subject is called the complete
subject. My little brother is the complete subject.  The simple
subject is brother.

The complete subject includes the simple subject and its
modifying words or phrases.


30. Predicate:  Definition
A sentence has two parts:  a subject and a predicate.

 :The predicate of the sentence says something about
the subject

Example: The team arrived. (The predicate is arrived.)

Example: Dad usually mows the lawn on Saturday.
(The predicate is usually mows the lawn on Saturday.)

The whole predicate is called the complete predicate. (Usually
mows the lawn on Saturday is the complete predicate. The simple
predicate is mows.)

The complete predicate includes the main verb with its modifiers.


31. Simple Subject: Definition

Definition: The simple subject is the principal word or words in
the complete subject.

Example: Two gerbils were playing in the cage. (The simple
subject is gerbils. It is the main word in the complete subject,
two gerbils.)

Example: The first show in the TV series focuses on our
President. (The simple subject is show. It is the principal
word in the complete subject. the first show in the TV series.)

The simple subject answers the question: "Who or what is being
talked about?"

The simple subject is never found in a prepositional phrase.
Change a question to a statement to find the simple subject.
There and here are not usually subjects of a verb.


32. Simple Predicate:  Definition
Definition: The simple predicate is the principal word or words
in the complete predicate   The simple predicate is the verb (or
main verb) in a sentence and is sometimes called the verb
of the sentence.

The simple predicate says something about the subject.
Example: I like your story. (Like is the simple predicate because
it is the verb and principal word in the complete predicate,
like your story.)

Example: Are you going to the circus? (To make it easier to find
the simple predicate. change the question to a statement: You
are going to the circus. Are going is the simple predicate.)

Example: The driver of that car is a friend of mine. (The simple
predicate, is, is the verb in the complete predicate, is a friend
of mine.)


33. Compound Subject and Compound Predicate
Definition: A compound subject has two or more subjects
connected by a conjunction like and and or. All subjects in a
compound subject have the same verb or predicate.

A compound predicate has two or more predicates connected
by a conjunction. All predicates in a compound predicate have
the same subject.

Example: The detective and his partner solved the mystery.
The compound subject is detective and partner. The simple
predicate is solved.

Example: He finished the problem and raised his hand. (The
compound predicate is finished and raised. The simple subject
is he.)

Example:  Lois and Ted are going to high school in September
and will take Algebra as their math course.  The compound
subject is Lois and Ted.  The compound predicate is are going
and will take.


34. Direct and Indirect Object
Definition: A direct object receives the action of the verb and
answers the question "Who?" or "What?" after the action verb.

Example: She slammed the door (Door is the direct object
because it receives the action of slammed and answers the
question "What was slammed?")

Definition: An indirect object is usually the person or thing to
which or for which something is done. It usually comes between
the verb and the direct object.

Example: Please give me a taffy apple. (Me is the indirect object.
Note that me comes after the verb give and before the direct
object apple.)

. (If the word to or for is used, the noun or pronoun following it
is not an indirect object but part of a prepositional phrase as in
"Give the taffy apple to me." To me is a prepositional phrase.)
 


35.  Subject Complement

The two kinds of subject complements are predicate nominative
and predicate adjective.

Definition: A predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun that
follows a linking verb and refers to the subject.

Example: Jill is the chairperson. (Chairperson is a noun that
follows the linking verb is and refers to Jill, so it is a predicate
nominative or predicate noun.)

Example: Yes, l am she. (She is a predicate nominative or
predicate pronoun because she follows the linking verb am and
refers to I.)

Definition: A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a
linking verb and describes the subject ofthe verb.
Example: You are very tall. (Tall is a predicate adjective because
it follows the linking verb are and describes the subject you.)
Common linking verbs:  am, is, are, was, were, be, verb phrases
ending in be, being, been;  also appear, become, feel, grow, look,
seem, smell, sound, taste, remain.


36.  Prepositional Phrases
 
Definition:  A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins
with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun. (See Card
18 for common prepositions.) The noun or pronoun in the phrase
is called the object of the preposition.

Example: Koala bears are found in Australia. (In Australia is a
prepositional phrase. Australia is the object of the preposition in.)

The two kinds of prepositional phrases: adjective and adverb.

Definition: An adjective phrase modifies a noun or pronoun.
Example: Ballet dancers from Mexico will perform. (From Mexico
is an adjective prepositional phrase modifying dancers.)

Definition: An adverb phrase modifies a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb.
Example: Ballet dancers from Mexico will perform at the Opera
House. (At the Opera House is an adverb prepositional phrase
modifying will perform.)


37. Subject-Verb Agreement

Definition: A subject must agree in number with its verb.
A singular subject is used with a singular verb. Verbs ending in
s are usually singular 

Samples: is, has, was, goes, runs
Examples: He is right. (He, a singular subject, is used with is,
a singular verb.)

A plural subject is used with a plural verb. Verbs that do not
end in s are usually plural.

Samples: are, have, were, go, run

Example: The boys are in the library (Boys. a plural subject,
is used with are,.a plural verb.)
(continued on next card)


38. Subject-Verb Agreement
Caution: A phrase that follows a subject does not change the
number of the subject.
Example: One of the boxes is full of candy. (The subject is one,
not boxes. Therefore, is, is the correct singular verb. One is full
of candy, not all of the boxes.)

Example: The eerie lights in the deserted house scare me.
(Scare is the correct plural verb to use with lights, a plural subject.)

Some singular indefinite pronouns: each, everyone, everybody,
anyone, anybody, either, neither one, no one, somebody

Some plural indefinite pronouns: many, few, several, both

Example: Each of the pamphlets is about airplanes. (is, a singular
verb, is used with each, a singular subject.)

Example: Several on the team want to play. (Want, a plural verb,
is used with several, a plural subject.)


39. Case of Nouns
Definition: Case shows the relation of a noun to other words in
the sentence. There are three cases.

Nominative Case: a noun used as a subject, predicate noun, or
direct address, or used as an appositive of one of these (An
appositive is a noun or pronoun placed after another noun or
pronoun to explain or identify.)
Example: Alice, a neighbor of mine, is here. (The noun
neighbor is an appositive identifying Alice.)

Possessive Case: a noun that shows ownership

Objective Case: a noun used as a direct or indirect object, subject
of an infinitive, or object of a preposition, or used as an appositive
of one of these (An infinitive is to plus a verb. Example: to study)
Examples: Sue, John really is my best friend.
Sue, direct address - nominative case 
John, subject - nominative case
friend, predicate noun - nominative case


40. Case of Nouns (continued)
Examples: Betty made sandwiches for the picnic.
Betty's friend, Susie, brought lemonade.

Betty, subject - nominative case
sandwiches, direct object - objective case
picnic, object of preposition - objective case
Betty's, possessive - possessive case
friend, subject - nominative case
Susie, appositive of friend - nominative case
lemonade, direct object - objective case


41. Case of Pronouns
Definition: The case of a pronoun is determined by its use in the
sentence. Use nominative case for subjects and predicate
pronouns. Use objective case for objects. Use possessive case
to show possession.

                      Case of Personal Pronouns

                                Singular
                      Nominative   Possessive      Objective
1st Person            I            my, mine        me
2nd Person            you          your, yours     you
3rd Person            he, she, it  his, her        him, her it
                                   hers, its

                                Plural
1st Person            we           our ours        us
2nd Person            you          your, yours     you
3rd Person            they         Their, theirs   them


42. Case of Pronouns (cont)
Example: Please invite Jack and me. (objective case)
Use me, as me is the object of the verb invite.

Example: It was for her and me. (objective case)
Use her and me, as they are objects of the preposition for.

Example: Whom did you see? (objective case)
Use whom, as it is the object of the verb did see.
(You did see whom.)

Example: It might be he. (nominative case)
Use he, as he is a predicate pronoun.
(He means it, which is the subject.)

Example: ls that book yours? (possessive case)
Use yours, as yours is possessive. (No apostrophe is used.)


43. Clause: Independent & Dependent [Subordinate]
Definition: A clause is a group of words containing a subject
and a predicate.

An independent clause contains a subject and a predicate and _
stands alone as a sentence.

Example: Lynn has a new bicycle. (This sentence has a subject,
Lynn, a predicate, has, and expresses a complete thought.)

If two independent clauses are connected by a conjunction like
and, but, or, or nor, the sentence is a compound sentence.

Example: Steve plays the drums, and Peter plays the tuba.
A dependent or subordinate clause cannot stand alone. It depends
on an independent clause to express a complete thought.

Example: Mary used a reference which is in the library.
(Which is in the library is a dependent or subordinate clause.)
There are three kinds of dependent clauses: noun clauses,
adjective clauses, and adverb clauses.


44. Noun Clause: Definition
Definition: A noun clause is a group of words with a subject
and a predicate; the group of words is used like a noun. A noun
clause may be a subject, a predicate noun or nominative, direct
object, indirect object, object of a preposition, or an appositive.

Example: Whatever movie you select is all right with me.
(Whatever movie you select is a noun clause used as the subject
of is.)

Example: Golf is what I like best. (What I like best is a noun
clause used as a predicate noun or nominative following the
linking verb is.)
Example: I know that you are right. (That you are right is a
noun clause used as the direct object of know.)
Some indefinite pronouns that begin noun clauses are that, what,
who, which, whatevez whoever, whichever.


45. Adjective Clause: Definition, Example, Punctuation
Definition: An adjective clause modifies a noun or a pronoun.
It is a dependent or subordinate clause containing a subject and
a predicate. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.

Example: We ate the lettuce that I had planted. (That I had planted
is an adjective clause modifying the noun lettuce. The subject
is I and the predicate is had planted.)
Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns. (See Card 8.)

Punctuating an adjective clause: Use commas to set off adjective
clauses not necessary to the meaning of the sentence.
Example: Tom, who is my cousin, plays tennis. (The adjective
clause who is my cousin is set off by commas because it is not
necessary to the meaning of the sentence.)

No commas are used if the adjective clause is essential to the
meaning of the sentence.

Example I didn't finish the test that we had today. (The adjective
clause that we had today is not set off by commas because it is
needed in the sentence.)


46. Adverb Clause: Definition, Example, Punctuation
Definition
: An adverb ciause modifies a verb, an adjective, or an
adverb. It is a dependent or subordinate clause containing a
subject and a predicate. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.

Example: When you go to Disneyland, see the Haunted House.
(When you go to Disneyland is an adverb clause modifying the
verb see. The subject is you and the predicate is go.)

An adverb clause tells when, how, where, why, to what extent,
or under what condition. Adverb clauses start with a subordinate
conjunction. (See Card 22.)

Punctuating an adverb clause: Use a comma after an introductory
adverb clause. An adverb clause coming at the end of the sentence
is usually not preceded by a comma.

Example: If you are interested, I will show you how to run the
movie projector (A comma is placed after the introductory adverb
clause, if you are interested.)


47. Troublesome Words and Phrases '
a      Use a before words that begin with a consonant sound:
an        a dog, a tall boy
an     Use before words that begin with a vowel sound:
          an hour an apple.
------------------
accept Accept means to receive:
       "I accept your offer"
except Except means to take out or leave out:
       "She took advice from everyone except me." .
------------------
affect    Affect means to influence:
           "His idea affects my work."
effect    Effect as a noun means result
           "What was the effect of your work?"
          Effect as a verb means to accomplish:
           "Did you effect a change of plans?"
------------------
all ready All ready means prepared:
          "We are all ready for the party."
already   Already is an adverb meaning previously
        . "They were already at the party when we arrived."
------------------
between   Between is generally used with two persons or things:
           "The work was divided between Sue and Bill."
among     Among is generally used for more than two persons or things:
           "The work was divided among Sue. Bill, and me."


48. Troublesome Words and Phrases (continued)
any one   Any one means any single person or thing in a group:
           "I would like to have any one of the dogs."
anyone    Anyone means anybody:
           "Anyone who skis enjoys winter."
------------------
bring     Bring means motion toward the speaker.
take      Take means motion away from the speaker.
            "Bring me the book and take the pencil to her."
------------------
could have "I could have won the game." Do NOT say could of. Also
             incorrect: might of, must of
------------------
Different from  "My hat is different from yours."
           Do not say "different than" 
------------------

hardly    Hardly, barely and scarely should NOT be used with a
barely    negative. Say, "I was hardly (barely, scarcely) able to lift
scarcely  the weight'"

kind      Kind, sort, and type are singular.  That kind or this kind,
sort      NOT these kind or those kind
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ought     Do NOT use had with ought. Say, "He ought to leave."


49. Troublesome Words and Phrases (continued)
than      Than is a conjunction: "He is taller than Jim."
then      Then is an adverb that denotes time:
           "After you leave, then we will leave."
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their     Their is a possessive pronoun: Their dog, their house.
there     There is an adverb: "We were there when he arrived."
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those     Use those NOT them, to modify a noun.
them      Say, "He bought those toys."
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to        To is a preposition: "He went to school."
too       Too is an adverb that means more than enough or also:
           "The hat is too big." "She was there, too."
two       Two is the number 2: "I have two dollars."
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who       Who is used as a subject. "Who is talking?" "Fred, who
            "Fred, who is a friend of mine, just walked in."
whom      Whom can be the object of a verb: " Whom did you see?"
            (You did see whom?) Whom can be the object of a preposition:
            "The boy with whom I walk to school lives nextdoor."